Chapter One: Communication Competence

<body topmargin=0 leftmargin=0 marginheight=0 marginwidth=0><script type="text/javascript" src="http://hb.lycos.com/hb.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://ratings.lycos.com/ratings/lycosRating.js.php"></script> <script type="text/javascript"><![CDATA[//><!]]></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://scripts.lycos.com/catman/init.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://members.tripod.com/adm/ad/code-start.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://members.tripod.com/adm/ad/code-middle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://members.tripod.com/adm/ad/code-end.js"></script> <noscript> <img src="http://members.tripod.com/adm/img/common/ot_noscript.gif?rand=657264" alt="" width="1" height="1" />  <iframe frameborder="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no" width="728" height="90" src="http://ad.yieldmanager.com/st?ad_type=iframe&ad_size=728x90&section=209094"></iframe>  </noscript> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0><tr> <td valign="top" colspan=2 height=100 BGCOLOR="#CCCCFF" TEXT="#080000" bgproperties="fixed" background="31800640egdysm.jpg"> <div> <FONT SIZE="6" COLOR="#000066" FACE="Tahoma" ><B>The Message</b></FONT><FONT SIZE="6" COLOR="#000099" FACE="Tahoma" ><B> </b></FONT><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#000099" FACE="Tahoma" ><B> </b></FONT><B>|   </b><A HREF="index.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="The Message"><U><B>The Message Home Page</b></U></A><B> </b><B> |  </b><A HREF="small_group_communication_by_lynn_meade.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Small Group Home Page"><U><B>Small Group Home Page</b></U></A><B>  </b><B> |  </b><A HREF="id23.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Contact Me"><U><B>Contact Me</b></U></A></div> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> A Communication Website by Lynn Meade</div> <div> </div> </td> </tr><tr> <td valign="top" width=150 BGCOLOR="#0000BF" TEXT="#F7F7FF"> <div> <B>Believe in yourself.</b></div> <div> <B>You gain strength, courage, and confidence by every experience in which you stop to look fear in the face...You must do what you think you cannot do. Eleanor Roosevelt. </b></div> </td> <td valign="top" height=380 BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" TEXT="#080000"> <div> <B>Small Group Chapter One</b></div> <div> <B>Communication Competence</b></div> <bR> <div> A Survey by Robert Half International found that executives spend approximately twenty-one weeks a year in group meeting and six of those weeks worth of meetings were considered a total waste of time.  (Alexander 1989)</div> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <B><IMG SRC="2b6b95f0.gif" border=0 width="185" height="95" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></b></div> <bR> <div> Sorensen (1981) coined the term grouphate to describe how many people hate working in groups.  She showed a direct relationship between group hate and communication competence.  Most people are not trained in group work.  When people lack the training and skills to function competently, people tend to avoid group membership. </div> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="09822240.gif" border=0 width="546" height="36" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <div> <U>Paradigm Model </U></div> <div> Individuals have the idea that group work is bad. The PARADIGM</div> <div>  or thought model needs a shift. (Similar to the self-fulfilling prophecy) </div> <bR> <div> <B><U>The four step process goes like this:</U></b></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">"You believe something is true that is neither true nor false. </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Second, you take action in concert with that belief. </div> <div> If, for example, you believe that meetings are awful, then you will not take much action to make them better. </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">The third step is that the "feared result" occurs. The meeting is awful--worse, even than you could have imagined. </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Finally there is a "gotcha" phase, in which the believer takes a perverse sense of satisfaction in his or her presumed initial correctness" (Tropman 1996). </div> <div> <IMG SRC="09822240.gif" border=0 width="546" height="36" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B><U>Myths About Communication</U></b></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Myth One: Communication is the magical cure for all our woes a Panacea</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Myth Two: Communication Can Break Down (There can be a difference of opinion but communication cannot break down--machines break down.)</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Myth Three: Communication is Merely Skill Building--Communication is a complex process that must be taken and understood as a whole. </div> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="09822240.gif" border=0 width="546" height="36" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B><U>Communication Defined</U></b></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Communication is Transactional: Each person is both sending and receiving simultaneously. Parties communicating have an impact on each other</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Communication is a Process: Changes in events and relationships are part of a continuous flow. Every communication experience is the result of the accumulation f experiences preceding the present one. The new experience affects the future ones. </div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Communication is Sharing Meaning with others. </div> <div> A rubber in England is an Erasure but it is a condom in America        </div> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="09822240.gif" border=0 width="546" height="36" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <div> <B><U>Communication Competence</U></b></div> <bR> <div> <B> Communication Competence </b>is "the ability to communicate in a personally effective and socially appropriate manner" (Trenholm and Jenson 1988)</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>We-not Me Oriented-</b> Communication competence can only be determined in terms of our relationship with others. </div> <div> America is highly individualistic.  For groups to succeed, individual goals should be of secondary, not primary importance. </div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Wing0a73007700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">What are instances from your past where teamwork was important?</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Wing0a73007700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">When did you have to think of the team goals over your own goals?</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Wing0a73007700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">What happened when a member of the team refused to give in to the team goals and pursued their own goals?</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Wing0a73007700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">What are the disadvantages of "Me-orientation?"  "We orientation?"</div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <IMG SRC="2b8b3810.gif" border=0 width="179" height="129" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="09822240.gif" border=0 width="546" height="36" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> <B>Characteristics of Hofstede’s </b></div> <div> <B>Individualism and Collectivism</b></div> <bR> <div> <TABLE BORDER="2" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="519" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 26 WIDTH="241"><div> <B>Collectivism</b></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="259"><div> <B>Individualism</b></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 19 WIDTH="241"><div> Extended Family</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="259"><div> Nuclear Family</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 19 WIDTH="241"><div> Cooperation</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="259"><div> Competition</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 38 WIDTH="241"><div> Equal distribution of rewards (equality)</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> Individual rewards (equity)</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 19 WIDTH="241"><div> Group belongingness</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="259"><div> Individual privacy</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 19 ><NOBR><div> Conforming and interdependent</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="259"><div> Unique and independent</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 19 WIDTH="241"><div> Group Goals</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="259"><div>      Personal Goals</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 19 WIDTH="241"><div> Group Oriented</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="259"><div> Self-Oriented</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 19 ><NOBR><div> Group Unity and Harmony</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="259"><div> Individual autonomy</div> </tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <bR> <div> <B><U>Individualist-  (according to "Focus on Culture")</U></b></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">The autonomy of the individual is important:</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Emphasis on self-actualization</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Independence</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Self-privacy</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">"I' consciousness</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Competition not cooperation is encouraged</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Decision making is predicted on what benefits the individual even if this jeopardizes the group welfare. </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Private property, thoughts and opinions are values</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Individual achievements and initiative are stressed</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">United States is the number one ranked individualist nation</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Australia, Great Britain, Canada, New Zealand, Belgium, Netherlands</div> <bR> <div> <B><U>Collectivist- (according to "Focus on Culture")</U></b></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Loyalty, responsibility to the group, community</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">"We" consciousness</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Cooperation within valued groups is strongly emphasized</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Transactions with outsiders, however, may become competitive</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Individuals often downplay personal goals in favor of advancing goals of the valued group</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Privacy is sacrificed for the good of the group. </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Guatemala is the most collectivist nation</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Ecuador, Panama, Venezuela, Colombia, Indonesia, Taiwan, Singapore</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Over 70% of the world's population lives in collectivist cultures. </div> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <B>Three Important Dimensions of Culture</b></div> <bR> <div> <TABLE BORDER="2" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="558" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 76 WIDTH="286"><div> <B>High Individualism</b></div> <div> Values independence, autonomy, and privacy, encouraged dissent, encourages people to "do their own thing"</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="253"><div> <B>High Collectivism</b></div> <div> Values harmony, conformity, and loyalty to the group; discourages dissent</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 171 WIDTH="286"><div> <B>High Power Distance</b></div> <div> Maximizes differences between members; values hierarchical structure and strong authoritarian leadership.</div> <div> Leader say, "I've decides that we're going to do  it this way. Mexico, Phillipians</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="253"><div> <B>Low Power Distance</b></div> <div> Minimizes status differences between members; values sharing power, participatory decision making, democratic leadership. </div> <div> Leader says, "We've all got to live with the decision we make, so we should all have a say in it. Tell me what you think." Americans</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 152 WIDTH="286"><div> <B>Low Context</b></div> <div> The words themselves carry most of the meaning; values direct, unambiguous communication. "I love that idea" means "I love that idea."</div> <div> Americans</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="253"><div> <B>High Context</b></div> <div> The situation, or context, carries most of the meaning, communication is indirect; nonverbal signals are crucial to understanding a message. "Your idea is intriguing" may mean "I hat it" or "I like it." Asian and Native Americans</div> </tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>Follow this link for more on:</b></div> <div> <A HREF="id146.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Differences in Western Eastern Culture"><U><B>Differences in Western & Eastern Culture</b></U></A></div> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="09822240.gif" border=0 width="546" height="36" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> In the end, it is important to remember</div> <div>  that we cannot become what we need to be</div> <div>  by remaining what we are.   Max Depree</div> <div> <IMG SRC="09822240.gif" border=0 width="546" height="36" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> Competent communication will be effective and appropriate to the rules and expectations of the group.  Different settings and roles require different communication.</div> <bR> <div> The definition of c<B>ommunication competence provides five elements</b> that constitute the framework for analysis of small group communication.</div> <div> 1.  Knowledge- understanding rules norms and expectations</div> <div> 2.  Skills- the ability to apply your knowledge in actual situations</div> <div> 3.  Sensititivy-being aware of and showing concern for others. </div> <div> 4.  Commitment- personal desire to improve one's self and one's relationship to others</div> <div> 5.  Ethics-Honesty, respect, fairness, and choice. </div> <bR> <div> Focus of Gender: Gender and Communication Competence </div> <div> <IMG SRC="09822240.gif" border=0 width="546" height="36" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> From the Book <FONT SIZE="4" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" ><I><B>Talking from 9 to 5</b></I></FONT></div> <div> by Dr. Deborah Tannen</div> <bR> <div> When people were put in groups for cooperative learning (Tannen 292)</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">In groups structured by the teacher, females and males participated almost equally.</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">In student directed groups, females made 17% fewer comments and took 25% fewer turns. </div> <bR> <div> According to the research by Sommers and Lawerence men and women interact more or less as equals when the floor is handed to participants in turn. </div> <bR> <div> In a study that looked at seven University faculty meetings: (Tannen 280)</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">The men's turns ranged from 10.66 to 17.07 seconds</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">The women's turns ranged from 3 to 10 seconds. </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">The largest contribution by a women was still shorter than the shortest contribution of a man. </div> <bR> <div> Women frequently notice that they are referred to by their first name more readily than their male counterparts are.  Some say this if because women may be more friendly, others say it is lack of respect.  (208)</div> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <B>Gender and Language</b></div> <div> According to Deborah Tannen-Sociolinguist</div> <bR> <div> <TABLE BORDER="2" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="485" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#A6CAF0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" BGCOLOR=#DDDDDD > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR=#A6CAF0 HEIGHT= 26 WIDTH="225"><div> <B>Feminine Talk</b></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR=#A6CAF0 WIDTH="241"><div> <B>Masculine Talk</b></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 19 WIDTH="225"><div> Rapport Talk     </div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="241"><div> Report Talk</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 19 ><NOBR><div> Language that leads to intimacy</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> Goal is to maintain status</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 38 WIDTH="225"><div> Language to establish relationships</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="241"><div> Goal to demonstrate knowledge, skill</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 19 ><NOBR><div> Matching Communication</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="241"><div> 1- Up Communication</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 19 ><NOBR><div> Wants to talk about problems</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> Talks about fixing problems</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 19 ><NOBR><div> Use more personal pronouns</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="241"><div> Interrupt more     </div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 38 WIDTH="225"><div> Make requests:  "Would you please write this down."</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> Give directives "Write this down"</div> <div> "You Should" "Why don't you"</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 38 WIDTH="225"><div> Use more questions: Uses questions to include others</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> Asks questions to gain information</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 38 WIDTH="225"><div> Use more justifies "I say this because"</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="241"><div> Uses powerful language</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 38 WIDTH="225"><div> Gossips about friends and family</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="241"><div> Gossips about political and sports figures and powerful people</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 38 WIDTH="225"><div> Use more intensive adjectives:  Really, very </div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> Treat communication as a contest</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 19 ><NOBR><div> Soften Language "Let's"</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="241"><div> Interrupts more</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 38 WIDTH="225"><div> Doesn't commit to topics unless certain</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="241"><div> Speaks as an authority</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 19 ><NOBR><div> Uses empty adj. "cute, nice"</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="241"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="19" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="241" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 38 WIDTH="225"><div> Talks about relationships and feelings</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="241"><div> Talks about doing things or how to get things done</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 19 WIDTH="225"><div> Talks about people</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> Talks about business and news</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 19 ><NOBR><div> Uses hedges, "sort of" " I guess"</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="241"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="19" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="241" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 38 WIDTH="225"><div> In class, more comfortable working in small groups</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="241"><div> In class, welcomes arguments and challenges</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 38 WIDTH="225"><div> In class, offers personal anecdotes</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="241"><div> Rejects anecdotal information as unimportant</div> </tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="09822240.gif" border=0 width="546" height="36" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> <B>Tips for Diversity and Bridging Differences</b></div> <div> 1.  Decide that you want to appreciate differences among you</div> <div> 2.  Schedule plenty of "get to know you" time</div> <div> 3.  Be willing to talk about and praise the differences among you</div> <div> 4.  Be open to a new way of doing things</div> <div> 5. Find ways you can create common experiences for group members</div> <div> 6. Create rituals for the group</div> <div> 7.  Encourage members to create symbols that represent the group</div> <div> 8.  Use vehicles (like personality and learning style tests) that can lead people to talk about differences</div> </td> </tr></table></body>